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疫情期间,小学生的近视率上升了15.2%,再来看看关于近视的一些数据和误区 -pg电子试玩

2015
2020-11-4 10:34 原创 · 图片4

本文首发于公众号“帝都果妈不焦虑”,科学养育,欢迎关注

我之前写过两篇关于近视的文章。

第一篇是关于近视有些可怕的数据。这些数据全部来自于各种发表在国外期刊上的论文,所以数据本身是真实的。作为家长,必须得了解高度近视可能带来的严重后果,才能在生活中养成良好的用眼习惯,才不会毫无顾忌的鸡娃或者放任他们不停玩手机等。

阅读原文:

第二篇主要写了如何看懂眼科检查结果中的关键数据,并总结了各类控制近视的方法及相关研究,比如户外、ok镜、阿托品、离焦镜等。这篇文章适合临界近视或者已经近视的小朋友爸妈,当然也适合未雨绸缪的爸妈们了解。

阅读原文:

但这两篇文章还有很多问题并没有涉及。比如,经过漫长的疫情,我国近视率到底如何?眼轴是如何生长的?近视真的是不可逆的吗?……

现在马上就立冬了,白天时间短、雾霾或大风天气增多、光照强度相对较弱。对小朋友来说,冬天眼轴增长速度最快。所以,我还是想再写下我了解到的关于近视一些数据和事实。所有数据均来自于发表在国内外期刊上的论文、权威部门出具的调研报告或者操作指引、儿童视光医生的直播解答等。主要为了给没有时间、精力、渠道去了解这些事实的爸妈们科普下,和上两篇文章重复的内容我就不再赘述了。

但,医学无绝对,连研究人员的论文都有各种争议,本文仅供参考。

01 一些值得注意的调研数据

今年9月,教育部对9个省份14,532名中小学学生近视率进行了调研。与2019年年底的普测相比,这半年近视率增加了11.7%。其中,小学生的近视率增加了15.2%,初中学生增加了8.2%,高中学生增加了3.8%。

调研发现,每天使用电子屏幕的时长和近视检出率呈正比。这里使用电子屏幕分为两类,第一类是上网课为主的以学习为目的的使用时长,第二类是以娱乐为目的的使用屏幕。

教育部的这份调研没有提及幼儿园孩子。但实际上,随着鸡娃越来越低龄化,很多幼儿园孩子,甚至还没上幼儿园的孩子,每天都大量看书看视频刷题,很多低龄孩子都开始近视了。

近视发生的时间越早,进展往往会越快,将来成为高度近视的可能性就越高。更为不幸的,近视这件事还遗传,再下一代的视力会更糟糕。这效果是叠加的。

另外,上述所谓“2019年底的普测”,我没有搜到具体的数据,估计从未公布过。但教育部、国家卫健委在2018年进行过全国性的调研,并召开过新闻发布会。

2018年,全国儿童青少年总体近视率为53.6%。其中,6岁儿童为14.5%,小学生为36.0%(一年级15.7%,六年级59%,进展火速),初中生为71.6%(初一64.9%,初三77%),高中生为81.0%。高三近视学生中,约21.9%为高度近视。

调研显示,67%的学生每天户外活动时间不足2小时,29%的学生不足1小时,73%的学生睡眠时间不达标,课后作业时间和持续近距离用眼时间过长、不科学使用电子产品等不良用眼行为普遍存在。

假设19年底普测结果与18年底持平。那么,经过简单计算可看出,目前小学生的近视率不低于41.5%,初中学生近视率不低于77.5%,高中学生近视率不低于84.1%。

之所以小学生、初中生、高中生近视率增加的数据依次大幅递减(15.2%、8.2%、3.8%),一方面和各类学生近视率基数相关,比如高中生近视率已经很高(81%),所以上升比例会较小;另外一方面也和眼轴生长速度相关,越低龄儿童眼轴生长的速度越快,越容易新发近视,尤其是8岁前儿童。

所以,我不负责任、但合情合理地估计,疫情期间,6岁孩子近视率增加的数据(今年9月份的调研未披露该数据),应该不低于小学生近视率增长的数据(15.2%),即目前6岁孩子近视率不低于16.7%(18年底14.5%)。

2018年8月,教育部曾印发《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》,文件中提及“到2023年,力争实现全国儿童青少年总体近视率在2018年的基础上每年降低0.5个百分点以上,近视高发省份每年降低1个百分点以上。到2030年,实现全国儿童青少年新发近视率明显下降,儿童青少年视力健康整体水平显著提升,6岁儿童近视率控制在3%左右,小学生近视率下降到38%以下,初中生近视率下降到60%以下,高中阶段学生近视率下降到70%以下,国家学生体质健康标准达标优秀率达25%以上。

2019年11月,北京市也发布了《北京市综合防控儿童青少年近视实施保障工作方案》,里面提及“到2023年,力争实现我市儿童青少年总体近视率在2018年的基础上每年降低1个百分点以上。”,此外,2030年的各年龄段近视率控制目标和教育部的一致。由此推测,北京市属于“近视高发省份”。

结合这几方面的数据,感觉教育部的近视防控任务,真是任重而道远、艰难且险阻。除了国家各相关部门和学校努力外,更重要的还得靠家长。

(这个配图很好的概括了近视的几大重要环境因素)
 

02 人类眼轴的生长速度是如何的?

我们都知道,眼轴是判断近视程度的最重要指标,但人类眼轴的生长速度在不同阶段是不一样的。

新生儿的眼轴长度呈正态分布状态,平均长度为17毫米。与此同时,大多数新生儿表现为中度远视,大约200度到400度的远视储备。满一岁的时候,眼轴平均长度为20毫米。从2岁到6岁,眼轴生长速度减慢到大约0.4毫米/年。平均来说,到五六岁时,儿童仍然会有50度到100度的远视储备。据认为,多数儿童正视化会在6岁前完成,即呈现出既不近视也不远视的状态。

但是,也有儿童到九十岁甚至青春期都仍然有远视储备,他们或许就是传说中的天生学霸眼,极少有可能发生近视了。

正视儿童的数据表明,6至10岁期间,眼轴平均增加约0.16 毫米/年;11岁到14岁之间,眼轴平均增加0.05 毫米/年。6岁至18岁之间,眼轴总共仅生长1-1.5毫米。

而对于仅用普通框架眼镜和普通隐形眼镜矫正,即没有采用任何减缓近视发展医学措施的近视儿童,在6至11岁之间,每年眼轴平均生长0.30 毫米,是不近视儿童的1.87倍。

相对于眼轴来说,角膜曲率在三岁内变化相对明显,到三岁后基本就定型了。所以,无论是检查视力还是防控近视,最重要的指标就是眼轴长度。

(以上数据来自于ranjay发表于2019年底的论文understanding myopia: pathogenesis and mechanisms。)

以上数据和国家卫健委2018年6月发布的《近视防治指南》上的眼轴生长数据不一致。该指南上指出“眼轴长度在出生时为16mm,3岁时可达正视眼水平约23mm,此后以每年约0.1~0.2mm的速度生长,13~14岁即可达到成人水平24mm。”我更相信医学取得进步后的较新数据。

论文里提及的眼轴数据样本大多基于外国人的大数据,可能会与我国人群有一定出入,但总体差别不会太大。总体看来,眼轴的生理性增长就是先快后慢,8岁前儿童尤其快。这与眼科临床观察也是一致的,越早近视的儿童近视进展越快。而且,年龄太小的儿童近视,能采用的医学干预手段也会受限。

按目前的国情,在14岁之前甚至11岁之前,都未发生近视,在近视防控方面,就算阶段性成功了。这话有点可悲,但事实确实如此。

03 近视后,户外活动到底是否有用?

有几份在各爸妈群广泛流传的文档或聊天记录显示,近视后,户外活动对延缓近视进展效果甚微。但这肯定、绝对、必须是错误的,还有强烈的误导作用。

如果家长认为近视儿童户外活动无用,那么就干脆就不户外了?那不成破罐破摔了么。待在室内,无论是看书、看视频、看投影、玩积木、画画,或者就是在室内发呆(除非某个房间直径超过6米,且儿童是从一边望向另外一边),打传说中护眼的翻转拍,全部都算一定程度上的近距离用眼。

就算户外活动对近视儿童延缓近视进展的具体效果尚无定论;但长时间近距离用眼肯定对近视防控无任何好处。何况,国际最新各项研究表明,大量户外活动能够延缓近视进展;而很多鸡眼老母亲亲测,这不但能够显著延缓近视进展,极端情况下,甚至有可能逆转近视。

我们都知道,儿童花在户外活动上的时间与他们近视风险呈负相关。有研究表明,每周户外活动时间增加一小时,近视的几率降低2%。

研究人员根据多次动物实验,发现白天光照强度和近视程度相关性较大。每天在明亮的环境光照下(10,000 lux),与白天在昏暗的环境光照下(50 lux)饲养的动物相比,近视屈光不正的发生率要低得多。

此外,早都有相关研究,利用可穿戴式光传感器评估儿童、青年人光线暴露和眼轴生长的影响,无论是否已经近视,都报道了更大的光暴露量与眼轴增长变慢显著相关,夏季光暴露较大导致眼轴生长变慢等。

(参考:influence of seasons upon personal light exposure and longitudinal axial length changes in young adults、light exposure and eye growth in childhood)
 

而相当多的鸡眼老母亲,经过检查发现眼轴数据不太好或者已经近视,痛改前非,每日尽量在光照大于1万lux(最好4万lux以上)的户外累计活动6小时,停掉所有网课和视频时间,尽量少看书,坚持一个月或者数个月,就能发现明显的眼轴缩短或者度数降低。在北京大学人民医院眼科主任医师王凯医生的直播中,也提到过临床上见过已经佩戴ok镜的孩子,眼轴有所缩短,且不止一例;极端情况下,一年半累计缩短了0.6毫米,甚至更长时间累计缩短1毫米。相信眼轴能够缩短或者控制的较好的孩子们,一定都做到了增加户外时间和减少近距离用眼。而不是佩戴了ok镜,就觉得能够万事大吉,使劲儿刷题了。

在不刺眼不暴晒的前提下,户外活动的光线是越亮越好。一般来说,户外光照强度需要大于1万lux,最好是大于4万lux,防控效果最为理想。

这是什么概念呢?阳光较好的晴天,光照强度一般是大于10万lux的。夏天中午稀疏的树荫下,也能有几万的lux。但是被房子遮住的地方、太阳快落山前一个小时,光照强度通常只有两三千甚至几百lux。比如北京秋冬季节,四点多光照强度就已经很弱了。

有家长关心,如果连续阴天,还户外吗?放学回家有阳光时,是先户外还是先做作业呢?其实,哪怕阴天,在户外也会比室内强,肯定先户外再抓紧时间做作业。

建议有强烈近视防控需求的爸妈,自行购买测量光照强度的仪器,推荐优利德数字照度计光仪ut383型号(鸡眼群爸妈都用它,非广告。友情提醒,用过几次后容易闲置),卖的便宜的大约70元左右。

综上,极端情况下(明亮光线下的长时间户外时间、减少近距离用眼),近视进展可以显著放缓,个别儿童有可能逆转近视;如果配合医学手段控制,效果会更好。当然,这一点对课业压力不大的幼儿园孩子或者小学低年级孩子更有参考意义,他们或许才有可能尽量做到。

我觉得,也不用追求一定得缩短眼轴,控制其慢点长甚至不长就已经很不错了。可以参考前文正视儿童眼轴自然增长的数字,即6岁前每年增长不要超过0.4毫米;6到10岁之间,每年不要超过0.16毫米或者最多不要0.2毫米。该数据仅供参考,具体请咨询医生!关于眼轴增长的数字,很多说法差异都相当大。看看国家卫健委18年的发布的《近视防治指南》(现在也可pg电子试玩官网下载)就知道了,真是3岁23毫米的眼轴,妥妥必须低龄近视。

(略显沉重的话题,配个漂亮的图片。户外怎么可能没用呢?多让人心旷神怡~)

一不小心又写了这么多,先打住,更多内容以后再分享吧。

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